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, by Michael J. Behe William A. Dembski
PDF Ebook , by Michael J. Behe William A. Dembski
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Product details
File Size: 831 KB
Print Length: 180 pages
Publisher: Ignatius Press (October 20, 2003)
Publication Date: October 30, 2013
Sold by: Amazon Digital Services LLC
Language: English
ASIN: B00GB97QK6
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This book needs to be read by everyone who, mistakenly, thinks that the Ancient War between Religion and Science is over – especially by those who think that the scientists emerged victorious. This war has been fought by generations of intellectuals since Ancient Greece (when it was limited to Mind versus Body) and became vicious after the rise of Modern Science around 1700. It is a fundamental article of science today that Darwin’s Theory of Evolution must be believed as ‘true and proven’ if one is to be regarded as a ‘real’ scientist; this is particularly true for members of that aggressive tribe known as biologists. A similar Act of Faith is expected from physicists, who are expected to affirm that the Big Bang really happened and created the universe as we see it today. Particle physicists have been recruited for this war and their ‘discovery’ of the ‘Higgs boson’ is seen as providing further ‘real’ evidence for the foundations of these metaphysical battles. As a renegade physicist, who views many of the modern claims of theoretical physics as wrong, (see my review of “The Higgs Fake†by Unzicker) and also as a scientist who has looked long and hard for scientific evidence for the validity of Dawinism, I have no hesitation in stating that the three sincere intellectuals authoring this book have made a strong case that the universe manifests characteristics of structured design. Their position is that there is very good evidence for investigating the hypothesis that Intelligence is responsible for the primary design, while natural selection following random variations (the scientific position) is a far weaker theory, which has failed logically and empirically.Since many of the proponents of “Intelligent Design†are committed Christians (I am not) and are associated with the Christian-supported “Discovery Institute†or similar organizations, such as the Catholic “Wethersfield Institute†(who promoted these presentations, at one of their conferences), then many readers, who see themselves as firmly in the scientific camp will NEVER read this type of book. This is a great mistake as these deep metaphysical issues define the very essence of any civilization. Simply, rejecting the ideas of one’s opponents without examination is an admission of one’s intellectual weakness and dangerously dilutes the intellectual roots of society. I will return to this key issue at the end of this review.The three initial essays are of variable length and quality. The shortest (35 pages) and most powerful is the one written by Michael Behe. He is a self-confessed Catholic professor of biochemistry at Lehigh University in Pennsylvania, who quickly restates his theory of “irreducible complexity†that shatters the slow, incremental model change of Darwinian Evolution, where each new step in every subsystem must provide improved survivability for the ‘lucky’ entity (and thus more descendants than other ones). The prototypical subsystem example is the simple mousetrap [p.119] that fails to function until all its four major parts are present and in place. Behe restates his biochemical examples from his best seller (“Darwin’s Black Boxâ€) that shows the molecular basis of the huge proteins (derived from DNA) to make the biological systems for cilia (tiny, hairlike organelles) that are vital for digestion, requiring over 200 different kinds of protein parts; the bacterial flagellum with its 40 complex components also needed for both independent motion of bacteria and the trillions of necessary assistants carried within mammalian guts. The finest example is the blood-clotting systems [p. 141]. This particular case was ‘rebutted’ by blood-clotting expert Russell Doolittle, in his widely known review of Behe’s “Black Boxâ€, who claimed that the scientific research of others [Bugge et al] refuted Behe’s example. Here, in Behe’s second essay he answers his scientific critics by showing how these critics failed to look deeply enough at these complex processes, pointing out that their critique relied on many duplications of parts of critical genes, already present, that were evidence of ancient survival ‘tricks’, not new, unique evolutionary precursors of vital system components. As Behe states: “Genes with similar sequences only suggest common descent – NOT the mechanism of evolution that is assumed to be natural selection.†[p. 142] The pro-Darwinists are begging the question of HOW evolution occurs – processes that were invisible to scientists of Darwin’s generation (hence ‘black box’). The ‘how’ of evolution has continued to challenge even the best of modern evolutionary biologists, at the level of molecular dynamics. Indeed, redefining ‘species’ to avoid the deeper problem of mating pairs of new biological entities has never been demonstrated theoretically or experimentally.The second-best essays are those written by the young Stephen Meyer based on his Ph.D. philosophical history of science dissertation at Cambridge in 1991 and elaborated in his book (“Of Clues and Causes: Analysis of Origin of Life Studiesâ€). He is currently an associate professor of Philosophy at Whitworth University (a private, Presbyterian liberal arts college in Spokane, WA) and a director of the Discovery Institute’s Centre for the Renewal of Science and Culture. Here, Meyer reminds us that although the Creationist argument for Design long dominated Western thought (not, coincidentally, while under it’s religious intellectuals), it had lost the support of most scientists and philosophers by 1900 (probably due to Darwin and LaPlace’s bogus nebular-stability theory). This began to reverse after 1960 with the recognition that many of nature’s physical constants (like the strength of the electric charge e and Planck’s constant of action h) must take on very narrow range of values (completely without any deeper theory) to fine-tune for the possibility of human life, now referred to as the Anthropic Principle. Ridiculous physics theories, such as Everett’s Multiverse theory have been proposed as ‘scientific’ explanations, when their characteristics should place them deep in the theological tradition, leading to absurd propositions that: “any event that could happen must happen somewhere in some possible universeâ€. [p.61] This is now viewed as the most popular scientific theory for the origin of life (and everything!!) but, of course, we can never derive any information from any other universe – a real challenge to any empirically based epistemology, such as natural science. This special pleading speaks volumes of the desperation of so many scientists to seek materialistic or so-called ‘naturalistic’ explanations. Meyer does a powerful job of describing the implications of the discovery of DNA on the difficulties of generating complex living cells by ‘chance’ mechanisms (one in 10**65 odds), when linear time (even 13 billions years) is hugely inadequate and has now been rejected by most Origin-of-Life specialists since about 1960. Only infinite time spans offer finite probabilities but as Mora said in 1963: “Using such logic, we can prove anythingâ€. [p.76] As de Duve has written: “A single, freak highly improbable event can conceivably happen. But a series of improbable events does not happen naturally.†Meyer recounts [p.80] how extreme-Darwinist, Richard Dawkins falls into the simple error of deriving a pre-defined (teleological) target sequence by holding each ‘desired’ choice until all are achieved, illustrating how “behaviorist biologists†cannot be relied on to provide accurate biochemical examples; such computer simulations demonstrate the need for intelligent agents to select some options and exclude others i.e. to create information. Bad software illustrates what happens when limited intelligent agents fail to design well.Meyer also emphasizes the critical difference between Natural Laws that describe the world (often using mathematical equations) and explanations that cause natural phenomena; reminding readers that Newton produced a mathematical scheme for predicting simple gravitational situations but refused to offer any explanation for “gravityâ€. Worse, differential equations (the most popular technique) are only useful for describing highly deterministic or predictable relationships between antecedent conditions and consequent events. Most physical “laws†simply assume a vanishingly small time gap between these two states i.e. they casually make the “Continuum Assumptionâ€. Meyer is a powerful advocate for “the design inference constituting an inference to the best explanationâ€. Excluding these possibilities demonstrates an a priori commitment to a limited class of possibilities.The most disappointing contributions in this book come from the most academically qualified of the trio: William Dembski – with Ph.D.s in mathematics and philosophy (from Chicago and Illinois) plus a M.Div. from Princeton Theological Seminary. His approach (and photo) suggests a reincarnation of one of the medieval Dominican fanatics conducting a hearing for the Inquisition. His first essay herein, launching the book, provides a general theory of intelligent design ‘detection’. This is a clever lawyer’s trick for defining the Rules of the Game; indeed, it turns the tables on his opponents, who attempted to dismiss Design as “non-scientific†by predefining what it means to be a ‘science’ today. He correctly points out that humans often infer intelligence from the evidence of their activities. His focus is on the notion of “highly improbable†events and “specific†requirements – characteristics of many complex processes found in nature and especially in biological entities. Dembski reminds us that the idea of ‘chance’ (random, causeless) as an explanation for the world goes back to the Epicureans, while the Stoics preferred necessity and design. The critics of chance saw it, at best, as a placeholder for current ignorance. Newton’s Principia promoted necessity to the forefront but many New Scientists vigorously rejected Design, recognizing its implications leading to theological explanations. These Enlightenment thinkers were often mathematicians (as were many of their Catholic opponents) and (like Plato) were overly impressed by the power of timeless abstractions, such as number and geometry. This intellectual and fundamental bias is still widely held amongst many academics (like Dembski) and most scientists, who are still convinced by the appearance of numbers in their theories and in the results obtained in their empirical observations. However, just because a few experiments agree to impressive precision with experimental measurements does not mean that our theories are on the right track: Ptolemy’s model was vastly better (judged by numerical confirmation) than Copernican models. Meanwhile, the domination of numbers continues to overwhelm our civilization, even though most citizens exhibit (and use) only a small fraction of the properties of this ancient abstraction. Dembski goes to great length to ‘prove’ (using numbers) that complex patterns (‘specification’) cannot arise from chance. The heart of his argument relies (like so much of science) on appeals to human experience: we know we are ‘agents’ because we believe we are responsible for initiating events in the world – we intuitively reject the idea of determinism as a sword that would destroy our very civilization. By analogy, we extend this belief to the universe as a whole; hence the need to imagine a ‘Super-Agent’ capable of creating everything. As a philosopher, Dembski recognizes that Naturalism (or materialism) is a metaphysical position and not a scientific theory based on evidence but materialism does offer a great simplification. He also points out the Latin meaning of the word intelligence, which implies the “ability to choose between (options)â€. As an intellectual (and crypto-theologian), it is not surprising to find that Dembski chooses (clever) mind over (dumb) matter.It should never be forgotten that despite Darwin’s title in 1859, he did NOT propose a theory of the origin of SPECIES but offered a possible, natural scheme for the origination of VARIETIES within species, resembling humans’ ability to emphasize characteristics within a given species, resulting in many breeds (varieties) of animals, such as are found with the many breeds of dog. However, these are all still dogs (actually wolves, sharing the common DNA that allows all these varied examples to inter-breed).This book demonstrates that the oldest War of Ideas is still being fought vigorously but intellectual dishonesty and hidden political agendas are now being used far too often in our less brutal age. These metaphysical disputes demonstrate which unproven MYTHS will dominate a civilization. The long history of Christian intellectuals controlling Western civilization demonstrate that such fanatical believers in the invisible (or “transcendent†to use their own terminology) will persecute (to death) anyone who dares to disagree with them, who might weaken their faith in their own abstractions. As such, I (like many scientists, I suspect) vigorously oppose any form of theologically controlled society.None-the-less, too many scientists have demonstrated their own psychopathic lack of empathy for too many others in society as they conduct research for military organizations; this research (like viruses) is potentially so lethal as to destroy all of humanity.Far too many careers in science, over the last 50 years, have been constructed around unchallenged group assumptions, so that few professional scientists dare join the Christian opponents of modern science’s most cherished BELIEFS. We now know that Group-Think (building on deep, ancient tribal notions of loyalty) and careerism limit the range of ideas that are examined within accepted institutional boundaries.The bottom-line is that ALL intellectuals must be distrusted when they recommend actions based only on their own need for metaphysical certainty. Caution must be the watchword, while imagining future possibilities remains a useful role for this small group of humanity possessing powerful imaginations. Each competing ideas-group demonstrates how self-serving some intellectuals can become, especially when working in large, well-funded ‘believing’ organizations.One final thought is that the concept of time lies at the heart of nature and its deep mystery has blocked humans from any analysis beyond Design versus Chance. If we allow for backwards causation (perhaps travel into the past) future descendants of humans may turn out to be the ultimate originators of intelligent design for the whole universe. Just a thought, but well out of any box – black or otherwiseAs one who gained much from reading this enjoyable book, I can only plead again for a more extensive index and a larger, global bibliography. Their absence prevent an otherwise well-deserved 5 star rating.
For the stone walled neo-Darwinist or anyone with an unwavering tradional mindset about the formation of the universe, reading this will be a waste of time. But for those who have an open mind and real curiosity about the subject of just how the universe and our earth and its living organisms came into being (pure random chance vs an intelligent designer) the three scientists whose articles make up this book present much rational food for thought as they explore the evidence and test it against the claims and capabilities of traditional materialistic science. (Note: religion is NOT a factor in the discussions. Evidence for design is addressed using science and the scientific method, itself, as a basis.)
More and more scientists are coming to the realization that it appears the universe was designed somehow specifically for the creation of man, on this planet at this time in cosmic history. if so, who is the designer? See what science says about these issues.
There are getting to be a pretty good pile of well written books out there about ID. Even if you arrive at different conclusions it is difficult to argue that the authors are very bright (as are their opponents), and that they make some very cogent points. Since there are a lot of these books out there it is probably helpful to have a guide to determine their relative merits. While this won't be a comprehensive guide by any stretch, I think I've read enough of the key ID books of late to at least give you something to compare with.To begin with, this book is a compilation of several essays written by what most would say represent some of the key voices in ID. If you want a synopsis of Behe's Black Box (in my opinion the most significant ID book) this is a good place to get it. You can get a good explanation of his notion of irreducible complexity with the added benefit of him having time to respond to some of the arguments from the Darwin faction.The other essays are worth the read as well, and one you may find unusual concerns the potential for theology and science to learn from each other. This is a grossly oversimplified synopsis, by the way, but he takes a potentially uncomfortable and awkward theory and manages to illuminate with some potential examples that don't seem contrived at all.In summation, five stars may be a bit high, but with all the one star reviews from non-readers I feel justified in adding an extra half star here. I'd probably read some of Meyer's and Dembski's and Behe's other books (especially Black Box), but if you want sort of a survey that is still detailed, this isn't a bad place to go.
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